Conventional Encryption Algorithms

From Computing and Software Wiki

Conventional Encryption involves transforming plaintext messages into a ciphertext messages that are to be decrypted only by the intended receiver. Both sender and receiver agree upon a secrete key to be used in encrypting and decrypting. Usually the secrete key is transmitted via public key encryption algorithms.

Contents 1 Classification of Ciphers 1.1 Monoalphabetic 1.2 Polyalphabetic 1.3 Polygraphic 1.4 Route Transposition 1.5 Columnar Transposition 1.6 Synchronous Stream 1.7 Asynchronous Stream 1.8 Iterated Block 1.9 Fractioned Block 1.10 Steganographic 2 Popular Algorithms 3 References 4 See Also 5 External Links

Classification of Ciphers

There are several techniques in which encryption algorithms can produce ciphertext. The simplest forms of encryption are via substitution, where plaintext symbols are replaced and via transposition, where plaintext symbols are rearranged. Other approaches such as stream and block translation involve converting plaintext to ciphertext either one symbol at a time or several symbols at a time respectively. In addition, steganographic techniques can be used, where symbols are introduced in the ciphertext to hide the plaintext meaning. A particular encryption/decryption implementation could incorporate multiple techniques to increase security.

Monoalphabetic

This is a substitution technique that uses a single alphabet to replace symbols of plaintext for symbols of ciphertext as dictated by the key. The key often represents the number of symbols to shift the plaintext from a circular alphabet. These techniques are relatively easy to break due to the fact that symbol frequencies remain invariant.

Polyalphabetic

This is a substitution technique that uses multiple alphabets to replace symbols of plaintext for symbols of ciphertext as dictated by the key. The key often represents a keyword where each letter defines the alphabet being used to encrypt each symbol of the plaintext. The keyword is repeated throughout the length of the message. These techniques suppress individual symbol frequency making these ciphers harder to break. However, the keyword length determines the periodicity in which alphabets are used. This periodicity is a major vulnerability of these types of ciphers.

Polygraphic

This is a substitution technique that replaces a group of n plaintext symbols by a group of n ciphertext symbols. In doing so, the individual frequency of symbols is hidden. In generality, this technique is similar to that of monoalphabetic ciphers with only using larger alphabets.

Route Transposition

This is a transposition technique where the plaintext is first written out in an mxn grid region. The key often represents a path on how to read from the grid, such as clockwise outward spiral, vertical zigzag, triangulation, etc. The ciphertext then becomes the sequence of symbols as read by the path. These techniques provide enormous amounts of available keys in which to use. However, some choices of keys are poor ones since they may leave sections of the ciphertext in their original or reversed plaintext order giving hints as to which key where used.

Columnar Transposition

This is a transposition technique where the plaintext is first written out in n-length rows. The key often represents a keyword of length n that defines the plaintext ordering of columns. The ordering could be done by sorting the keyword letters in alphabetical order or in any predefined order.

Synchronous Stream

This is a stream translation technique that combines plaintext with a key stream usually in the form of an XOR operation to form ciphertext one symbol at a time. These techniques require that the encoder and decoder be synchronized in the information they are processing. If information get introduced or lost during transition, decryption will be erroneous. If information gets corrupted only the particular symbol remains corrupted.

Asynchronous Stream

This is a stream translation technique that combines plaintext with a key stream that is generated from some fixed number of ciphertext symbols to produce the next ciphertext symbol.

Iterated Block

This is a block translation technique that iteratively converts an n-sized block of plaintext into ciphertext at the same time.

Fractioned Block

This is a block translation technique that breaks up single symbols into parts and then combines the pieces of multiple plaintext letters in order to get the ciphertext.

Steganographic

This is a technique that involves inserting random symbols at random locations of a plaintext message with the goal of hiding the message.

Popular Algorithms

Conventional Encryption

Algorithm	Type
Caesar	Monoalphabetic
ROT13	Monoalphabetic
Four Square	Monoalphabetic
Running Key	Polyalphabetic
Vigenère	Polyalphabetic
One Time Pad	Polyalphabetic
Playfair	Polygraphic
Trifid	Polygraphic
Rail Fence	Route Transposition
A5/1	Synchronous Stream
Rabbit	Asynchronous Stream
Autokey	Asynchronous Stream
AES	Iterated Block
Blowfish	Iterated Block
DES	Iterated Block
IDEA	Iterated Block
SMS4	Iterated Block
ADFGVX	Fractionated Block
Straddling Checkboard	Fractionated Block
Bacon	Steganographic

References

[1] [2]

See Also

Public Key Encryption Algorithms

Digital Signatures

External Links

Monoalphabetic Ciphers

Elian April 8/2008