Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) - Revision history

Alhadds: /* '''Antennas''' */

2009-04-13T01:01:04Z

'''Antennas'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:01, 13 April 2009
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	There is antenna in both the reader and the tag so they can send and receive radio waves.		There is antenna in both the reader and the tag so they can send and receive radio waves.
	A few centimetre tags’ antenna attached to the chip is to receive signal and transmit it after a little modifying. Whereas the reader’s antenna ranges in size and it is placed to do the same functionality of the tag’s antenna.		A few centimetre tags’ antenna attached to the chip is to receive signal and transmit it after a little modifying. Whereas the reader’s antenna ranges in size and it is placed to do the same functionality of the tag’s antenna.
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	In a passive tag, the current comes out of reader has to orthogonally hit the antenna; the purpose of this is to assure that the passive tag gets powered up appropriately.<sup>19</sup>		In a passive tag, the current comes out of reader has to orthogonally hit the antenna; the purpose of this is to assure that the passive tag gets powered up appropriately.<sup>19</sup>
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	By deeply looking at the system, the reader has the control in generating an appropriate radio frequency field by its antenna. When a tag gets passed through radio frequency field, it gets activated and then sends the information that programmed into its memory back, the array of antennas, usually one to four antennas, receive this signal, decode it, and send the information to the computer system.<sup>20</sup>		By deeply looking at the system, the reader has the control in generating an appropriate radio frequency field by its antenna. When a tag gets passed through radio frequency field, it gets activated and then sends the information that programmed into its memory back, the array of antennas, usually one to four antennas, receive this signal, decode it, and send the information to the computer system.<sup>20</sup>
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-	Size, shape, angles of the antenna has an overall impact in its performance, so it is placed or shaped to couple with a radio frequency wave at any chance so that it can maximize its performance.<sup>21</sup>	+	Size, shape, angles of the antenna has an overall impact in its performance, so it is placed or shaped to couple with a radio frequency wave at any chance so that it can maximize its performance.<sup>21</sup>
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	=== '''The middleware''' ===		=== '''The middleware''' ===

Alhadds: /* '''Passive tag components''' */

2009-04-13T01:00:15Z

'''Passive tag components'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:00, 13 April 2009
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	::* Capability of the chip to modify its antenna’s impedance: it can be done by backscatter method.		::* Capability of the chip to modify its antenna’s impedance: it can be done by backscatter method.
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	'''2- An antenna (or coupling element)'''		'''2- An antenna (or coupling element)'''
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	:The antenna’s purpose is to take radio frequency waves and distribute a signal back out. By using coupling process, the antenna collect energy form the radio frequency field, then powers the tag up and stimulate the chip, because the tag antenna must “couple” with the electromagnetic fields that the RFID reader has.		:The antenna’s purpose is to take radio frequency waves and distribute a signal back out. By using coupling process, the antenna collect energy form the radio frequency field, then powers the tag up and stimulate the chip, because the tag antenna must “couple” with the electromagnetic fields that the RFID reader has.
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	'''3- The substrate'''		'''3- The substrate'''
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	:This is mostly made of plastic or Mylar to retain it all together and the antenna and the chip are attached to it.		:This is mostly made of plastic or Mylar to retain it all together and the antenna and the chip are attached to it.
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	==== '''Characteristics of RFID tags''' ====		==== '''Characteristics of RFID tags''' ====

Alhadds: /* '''The middleware''' */

2009-04-13T00:59:09Z

'''The middleware'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:59, 13 April 2009
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	The middleware is a reader interface layer that link and bring together all what got collected of data components to move data from a single computer to a local computer networks or even a global ones; it links up the data that comes into the reader to a software systems, and it can present a consist interface between RFID system hardware operation and its data elements into a lot of business applications such as purchasing, sales, marketing..Etc <sup>22</sup>		The middleware is a reader interface layer that link and bring together all what got collected of data components to move data from a single computer to a local computer networks or even a global ones; it links up the data that comes into the reader to a software systems, and it can present a consist interface between RFID system hardware operation and its data elements into a lot of business applications such as purchasing, sales, marketing..Etc <sup>22</sup>
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	The massive amounts of data and information that comes from millions of tag readings while moving in a sully chain need to be tied to deal with this information. Besides that, the middleware has the capability to filter and smooth these data.<sup>23</sup>		The massive amounts of data and information that comes from millions of tag readings while moving in a sully chain need to be tied to deal with this information. Besides that, the middleware has the capability to filter and smooth these data.<sup>23</sup>

-		+	Middleware includes four elements; first, reader and device management to allow users to organize, supervise, and communicate with the reader by sending commands through a an interface. Second, data management, it is to direct and sort the data that comes from the reader to right destinations, third, application integration that has some features such as messaging, directing, connectivity to supply chain management or warehouse management..Etc. finally, partner integration in trade like business to business integration.<sup>24</sup>
-	Middleware includes four elements; first, reader and device management to allow users to organize, supervise, and communicate with the reader by sending commands through a an interface. Second, data management, it is to direct and sort the data that comes from the reader to right destinations, third, application integration that has some features such as messaging, directing, connectivity to supply chain management or warehouse management..Etc. finally, partner integration in trade like business to business integration.<sup>24</sup>	+
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	== '''Collision-free channels '''==		== '''Collision-free channels '''==

Alhadds at 00:57, 13 April 2009

2009-04-13T00:57:42Z

Alhadds: /* '''The Reader/interrogator''' */

2009-04-13T00:53:40Z

'''The Reader/interrogator'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 13 April 2009
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	:Depending on the type and of course the quantity wanted, the price can range from less than a few dollars for extremely simple tags to over $100 for the larger and more complicated devices .Generally, low-frequency devices are less expensive than high- frequency devices, and passive tags are usually less expensive than active tags.<sup>15</sup>		:Depending on the type and of course the quantity wanted, the price can range from less than a few dollars for extremely simple tags to over $100 for the larger and more complicated devices .Generally, low-frequency devices are less expensive than high- frequency devices, and passive tags are usually less expensive than active tags.<sup>15</sup>
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	=== '''The Reader/interrogator''' ===		=== '''The Reader/interrogator''' ===
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-	In another technique called hands up polling; the reader looks for tags with specific identities and interrogating them in turns. This is known as contention management.<sup>18</sup>	+	In another technique called hands up polling; the reader looks for tags with specific identities and interrogating them in turns. This is known as contention management.<sup>18</sup>
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	=== '''Antennas''' ===		=== '''Antennas''' ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:57, 13 April 2009
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	RFID systems can be classified based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(electronics) coupling] methods which are backscattered coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic coupling or capacitive coupling. By those ways, tag and its reader can wirelessly communicate to each other.		RFID systems can be classified based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(electronics) coupling] methods which are backscattered coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic coupling or capacitive coupling. By those ways, tag and its reader can wirelessly communicate to each other.
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	Data [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation modulation] of the data is the best way to assure that data transfers in very efficient way via space that separates the tag and the reader, this is could be done by amplitude, frequency, or phase- shift keying.<sup>4</sup>		Data [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation modulation] of the data is the best way to assure that data transfers in very efficient way via space that separates the tag and the reader, this is could be done by amplitude, frequency, or phase- shift keying.<sup>4</sup>
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	The power available within the tag and the one available at the reader, besides the environmental conditions control the range and power level that RFID system can attain.<sup>6</sup>		The power available within the tag and the one available at the reader, besides the environmental conditions control the range and power level that RFID system can attain.<sup>6</sup>

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	Environmental conditions meant to be the obstructions that absorb some of these waves, so that they affect the strength and intensity of the field, and it is surely different in every kind of materials.		Environmental conditions meant to be the obstructions that absorb some of these waves, so that they affect the strength and intensity of the field, and it is surely different in every kind of materials.

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	:This chip’s purpose is to stock data and carry out specific orders and information. Generally the passive tags memory has range from 1 to 1000 bits. Read-only or read-write property can be determined by the chip’s design.		:This chip’s purpose is to stock data and carry out specific orders and information. Generally the passive tags memory has range from 1 to 1000 bits. Read-only or read-write property can be determined by the chip’s design.
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	:Although tags are recognized by shape, but integrated circuit has more impact on overall tag performance. The chip is accountable for converting radio frequency energy into practical electrical power, storing and bringing back data, then modulating the backscatter. Silicon is the material that chip is made and that contributes to the cost of the tag.<sup>8</sup>		:Although tags are recognized by shape, but integrated circuit has more impact on overall tag performance. The chip is accountable for converting radio frequency energy into practical electrical power, storing and bringing back data, then modulating the backscatter. Silicon is the material that chip is made and that contributes to the cost of the tag.<sup>8</sup>
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	:There are some parameters that related to consumption and extraction, as well as the reflection of the power of RFID tag:		:There are some parameters that related to consumption and extraction, as well as the reflection of the power of RFID tag:

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	::* Memory chip: the tag memory might consist of read-only memory ROM, random access memory RAM, and non-volatile programmable memory like EEPROM.		::* Memory chip: the tag memory might consist of read-only memory ROM, random access memory RAM, and non-volatile programmable memory like EEPROM.
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	::* The effectiveness in the circuit power while integrated chip converts the energy from tag’s antenna to specific tuned frequency.<sup>9</sup>		::* The effectiveness in the circuit power while integrated chip converts the energy from tag’s antenna to specific tuned frequency.<sup>9</sup>
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	::* Matching between the chip’s and antenna’s impedance: if not happening, the power will be reflected away and then it will not be useful to the tag.		::* Matching between the chip’s and antenna’s impedance: if not happening, the power will be reflected away and then it will not be useful to the tag.
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	::* Capability of the chip to modify its antenna’s impedance: it can be done by backscatter method.		::* Capability of the chip to modify its antenna’s impedance: it can be done by backscatter method.

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	Depending on the kind of tags used and the objective to be fulfilled, the reader can be relatively different in complexity,RFID reader is to select analogue signals; an outer power supply give power to transmit the radio waves that runs in a precise pace in a cable to hit a metal on the antenna, this antenna will give the same exact signal rate out in space at a certain frequency and wavelength. It is important to mention that the reader has a regular processor and a digital signal processor chip to control and deal with the flow of electricity, adjust the frequency and the amplitude of the wave.<sup>16</sup>		Depending on the kind of tags used and the objective to be fulfilled, the reader can be relatively different in complexity,RFID reader is to select analogue signals; an outer power supply give power to transmit the radio waves that runs in a precise pace in a cable to hit a metal on the antenna, this antenna will give the same exact signal rate out in space at a certain frequency and wavelength. It is important to mention that the reader has a regular processor and a digital signal processor chip to control and deal with the flow of electricity, adjust the frequency and the amplitude of the wave.<sup>16</sup>
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	Another function to the reader is to listen to a response from the tag, by receiving and broadcasting analogue waves, then turn them into digital bits, and then transmit this digital information to useful information about the object.<sup>17</sup>		Another function to the reader is to listen to a response from the tag, by receiving and broadcasting analogue waves, then turn them into digital bits, and then transmit this digital information to useful information about the object.<sup>17</sup>
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	If the signal is duplicated data from repetitive transmission after it is being correctly received and decoded, algorithms might be used to determine and solve it and then directs the tag to end the transmition. This is known as the command response protocol and is used to get out of problems of reading many tags in a rapid time. This is called hands down polling.		If the signal is duplicated data from repetitive transmission after it is being correctly received and decoded, algorithms might be used to determine and solve it and then directs the tag to end the transmition. This is known as the command response protocol and is used to get out of problems of reading many tags in a rapid time. This is called hands down polling.

		+	In another technique called hands up polling; the reader looks for tags with specific identities and interrogating them in turns. This is known as contention management.<sup>18</sup>

-	~~In another technique called hands up polling; the reader looks for tags with specific identities and interrogating them in turns. This is known as contention management.<sup>18</sup>~~

	=== '''Antennas''' ===		=== '''Antennas''' ===
		+

	There is antenna in both the reader and the tag so they can send and receive radio waves.		There is antenna in both the reader and the tag so they can send and receive radio waves.
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	=== '''The middleware''' ===		=== '''The middleware''' ===
		+

	The middleware is a reader interface layer that link and bring together all what got collected of data components to move data from a single computer to a local computer networks or even a global ones; it links up the data that comes into the reader to a software systems, and it can present a consist interface between RFID system hardware operation and its data elements into a lot of business applications such as purchasing, sales, marketing..Etc <sup>22</sup>		The middleware is a reader interface layer that link and bring together all what got collected of data components to move data from a single computer to a local computer networks or even a global ones; it links up the data that comes into the reader to a software systems, and it can present a consist interface between RFID system hardware operation and its data elements into a lot of business applications such as purchasing, sales, marketing..Etc <sup>22</sup>
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	:Customers can just roll the shopping cart beyond the point- sale terminal when they want to check out, these terminals can automatically check, compute the total costs of the items in the cart, and it is interestingly can charge the customers by applying Merloni technology with RFID technology.		:Customers can just roll the shopping cart beyond the point- sale terminal when they want to check out, these terminals can automatically check, compute the total costs of the items in the cart, and it is interestingly can charge the customers by applying Merloni technology with RFID technology.
-		+	h
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	Merloni company has develop a prototype RFID-enabled payment devices and send receipts to mobile phones, so costumers do not have to have the receipts when they want to return items, since RFID tag has the history and the payment record of this item.		Merloni company has develop a prototype RFID-enabled payment devices and send receipts to mobile phones, so costumers do not have to have the receipts when they want to return items, since RFID tag has the history and the payment record of this item.
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	*Medication compliance:		*Medication compliance:
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	Secret tracking and inventorying can be main concern about users’ privacy. Since the RFID tags just react to reader without holders’ awareness, so there is a realistic threat of secret scanning where read range authorized.<sup>28</sup>		Secret tracking and inventorying can be main concern about users’ privacy. Since the RFID tags just react to reader without holders’ awareness, so there is a realistic threat of secret scanning where read range authorized.<sup>28</sup>
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	Privacy threat rises when the tag is mutual with some personal information, For instance, if a purchase made by a credit card, the shop can link between the serial number in the tag and the identity of the consumer and then to the profile of card holder using some networks of RFID readers inside or outside the shop, even shop can use a wireless devices as Bluetooth enabled devices.<sup>29</sup>		Privacy threat rises when the tag is mutual with some personal information, For instance, if a purchase made by a credit card, the shop can link between the serial number in the tag and the identity of the consumer and then to the profile of card holder using some networks of RFID readers inside or outside the shop, even shop can use a wireless devices as Bluetooth enabled devices.<sup>29</sup>

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	Libraries, passports, human implanting are some of several areas of everyday life that privacy is a concern that RFID might threaten it if engineers cannot find a proper solution to stop that.		Libraries, passports, human implanting are some of several areas of everyday life that privacy is a concern that RFID might threaten it if engineers cannot find a proper solution to stop that.