Direct Manipulation - Revision history

Mori at 21:19, 22 November 2009

2009-11-22T21:19:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:19, 22 November 2009
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

-	Direct manipulation is the visual representation of the world of actions. For example, the desktop metaphor ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows Microsoft Windows]) which the user can manipulate. Direct manipulation is one of the primary interaction styles which has been used by designers and programmers for their systems. Direct manipulation allows novice users access to powerful instructions without the trouble of learning how to use a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax] and/or extensive ~~lists~~ of commands. [[Image:DirectMan.gif\|thumb\|Trash can metaphor (click for animation)]]	+	Direct manipulation is the visual representation of the world of actions. For example, the desktop metaphor ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows Microsoft Windows]) which the user can manipulate. Direct manipulation is one of the primary interaction styles which has been used by designers and programmers for their systems. Direct manipulation allows novice users access to powerful instructions without the trouble of learning how to use a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax] and/or an extensive list of commands. [[Image:DirectMan.gif\|thumb\|Trash can metaphor (click for animation)]]


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	* Provide a physically direct way of moving a cursor or manipulating the objects of interest.		* Provide a physically direct way of moving a cursor or manipulating the objects of interest.
	* Present a concrete visual representation of the objects of interest and immediately change the view to reflect operations.		* Present a concrete visual representation of the objects of interest and immediately change the view to reflect operations.
-	* Avoid using command language and depend on operations applied to the cognitive model which is ~~shown~~ on the display.	+	* Avoid using command language and depend on operations applied to the cognitive model which is represented on the display.


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	==History==		==History==

-	~~----~~	+	'''Direct manipulation''' is considered to be one of the most significant achievements in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction Human Computer Interaction] (HCI) theory and design. The term was first introduced in the 1980's by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Schneiderman Ben Shneiderman], however the desktop metaphor was introduced first by Alan Kay at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center Xerox PARC] in 1970.
-		+
-	'''Direct manipulation''' is considered to be one of the most significant achievements in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction ~~human computer interaction~~] (HCI) theory and design. It was first introduced ~~as a concept~~ in the 1980's by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Schneiderman Ben Shneiderman].	+

	Shneiderman published a paper in 1983 titled "Direct Manipulation: A step beyond programming languages" in which he noted the appeal of manipulating graphically represented objects instead of formulating complex linguistic commands.		Shneiderman published a paper in 1983 titled "Direct Manipulation: A step beyond programming languages" in which he noted the appeal of manipulating graphically represented objects instead of formulating complex linguistic commands.
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	* Rapid incremental reversal of actions with an immediate impact on object of interest.		* Rapid incremental reversal of actions with an immediate impact on object of interest.

-	The paper began with two examples of office applications: word processing and spreadsheet. The ability to display the final form on the screen, move a cursor by arrow keys, see the results of an action immediately and to easily reverse commands. ~~Novices~~ would also enjoy using direct manipulation software because they can rapidly master the system ~~with time.~~	+	The paper began with two examples of office applications: word processing and spreadsheet. The ability to display the final form on the screen, move a cursor by arrow keys, see the results of an action immediately and to easily reverse commands. Novice users would also enjoy using direct manipulation software because they can rapidly master the system within a short period of time.
-		+
-	~~Shneiderman mentioned~~ a ~~few other examples,~~ of ~~which, the most promising example was what is now known as the '''desktop''' metaphor~~.	+

-	He also proposed that testing should be done before introducing direct manipulation systems to ensure proper behaviour of the system, ~~specially~~ if uncommon metaphors are being used.	+	He also proposed that testing should be done before introducing direct manipulation systems to ensure proper behaviour of the system, especially if uncommon metaphors are being used.

	Shneiderman mentioned in his paper that direct manipulation isn't without its faults. He said that using spatial or graphical representation doesn't necessary improve performance. He identified the following four problems with direct manipulation:		Shneiderman mentioned in his paper that direct manipulation isn't without its faults. He said that using spatial or graphical representation doesn't necessary improve performance. He identified the following four problems with direct manipulation:

-	* Cluttered presentation, can lead to greater confusion	+	* Cluttered presentation can lead to greater confusion
-	* Users ~~had~~ to learn the meaning of components ~~of the graphic representation.~~	+	* Users have to learn the meaning of the graphically represented components
-	* Graphical representation ~~may~~ be misleading.	+	* Graphical representation can be misleading
-	* Representation ~~might~~ take excessive screen space.	+	* Representation may take excessive screen space

-	This witnessed a hugely beneficial impact on personal computing and plays a major role in modern interactive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design software design].	+	This concept witnessed a hugely beneficial impact on personal computing and plays a major role in modern interactive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design software design].

	==Advantages==		==Advantages==

-	~~----~~	+	* '''Visually presented task concepts''', for example if the user wants to discard or delete a file, then he/she simply selects the object and then presses the delete key. This action sends the object to the recycling bin and can be disposed at a later time. This task concept of discarding unwanted material to the recycling bin is visually analogous to how humans throw away trash in a trash can.
-	* '''Visually ~~presents~~ task concepts''', for example if the user ~~wanted~~ to discard or delete a file, then he/she simply selects the object and then presses the delete key. This action sends the object to the recycling bin and can be disposed at a later time. This task concept of discarding unwanted material to the recycling bin is visually analogous to how humans throw away trash in a trash can.	+

	* '''Allows easy learning for a first time user'''. Direct manipulation has an easy learning curve, since tasks done on the computer are related to tasks in the real world. This direct approach makes the operations done on the computer easier to understand for a new user.		* '''Allows easy learning for a first time user'''. Direct manipulation has an easy learning curve, since tasks done on the computer are related to tasks in the real world. This direct approach makes the operations done on the computer easier to understand for a new user.

-	* '''Allows easy retention''' since tasks done through direct manipulation are similar to real world tasks. Therefore, it is easy to retain operations learned on the computer. For example, the copy and paste operation ~~done~~ on the computer can easily be retained because it is similar to the action of photocopying a document in the physical world.	+	* '''Allows easy retention''' since tasks done through direct manipulation are similar to real world tasks. Therefore, it is easy to retain operations learned on the computer. For example, the copy and paste operation executed on the computer can easily be retained because it is similar to the action of photocopying a document in the physical world.

-	* '''Allows errors to be avoided''' since direct manipulation does not ~~involve writing or changing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code source code]~~. This minimizes the chance of the user making errors in performing computer related tasks.	+	* '''Allows errors to be avoided''' since direct manipulation does not allow some incorrect actions, for example when using drag-and-drop the cursor changes shape to a no access image when an action cannot be executed. This minimizes the chance of the user making errors in performing computer related tasks.

	*''' Encourages exploration''' because of easy navigation through graphical icons and other visual representation techniques. As a result, this makes it easy for the user to explore through the computer applications.		*''' Encourages exploration''' because of easy navigation through graphical icons and other visual representation techniques. As a result, this makes it easy for the user to explore through the computer applications.
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	==Disadvantages==		==Disadvantages==

-	~~----~~	+	* '''May be hard to program''' because some tasks may be easy to do in the real world but difficult to mimic through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software software] and/or computer operations. For example playing a complex game where strategy is a prime factor, like chess, is somewhat easier to do in real life than to program how a player will make their next chess piece move.
-	* '''May be hard to program''' because some tasks may be easy to do in the real world but difficult to mimic through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software software] and/or computer operations. For example playing a complex game where strategy is a prime factor, like chess, is somewhat easier to do in real life than to ~~computer~~ program how a player will make their next chess piece move.	+

-	* '''May require graphics displays & pointing device(s)''', for example if the computer does not have a mouse ~~that is separate from the computer~~. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop Drag and drop] operations done on the computer may be more difficult to ~~do without a separate mouse~~.	+	* '''May require graphics displays & pointing device(s)''', for example if the computer does not have a mouse connected to it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop Drag and drop] operations done on the computer may be more difficult to perform.

	==Importance to CHI==		==Importance to CHI==

-	~~----~~	+	Direct manipulation depends on visual representation of the objects and actions of interest. In other words, physical actions or pointing instead of complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax]. Operations whose effect on the object of interest is immediately visible. When users can specify what they want with clear and conceivable actions selected from a visual display, then they can more frequently succeed in finishing their task, whilst maintaining a sense of control. Also, with this method users can feel directly responsible for their actions and acquire a sense of accomplishment.
-	Direct manipulation depends on visual representation of the objects and actions of interest. In other words, physical actions or pointing instead of complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax]. Operations whose effect on the object of interest is immediately visible. When users can specify what they want with clear and conceivable actions selected from a visual display, then they can more frequently succeed in finishing their task, whilst maintaining a sense of control. Also, this ~~way~~ users can feel directly responsible for their actions and acquire a sense of accomplishment.	+

	Currently, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces] allowing zooming, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop drag and drop] capabilities, etc., users are exposed to more engaging and more capable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces]. Direct Manipulation is leading designers to produce interfaces that are more understandable, predictable and manageable.		Currently, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces] allowing zooming, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop drag and drop] capabilities, etc., users are exposed to more engaging and more capable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces]. Direct Manipulation is leading designers to produce interfaces that are more understandable, predictable and manageable.

Mori at 20:33, 22 November 2009

2009-11-22T20:33:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 22 November 2009
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	__TOC__		__TOC__

-	====History====	+	==History==

	----		----
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	This witnessed a hugely beneficial impact on personal computing and plays a major role in modern interactive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design software design].		This witnessed a hugely beneficial impact on personal computing and plays a major role in modern interactive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design software design].

-	====Advantages====	+	==Advantages==

	----		----
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	*''' Encourages exploration''' because of easy navigation through graphical icons and other visual representation techniques. As a result, this makes it easy for the user to explore through the computer applications.		*''' Encourages exploration''' because of easy navigation through graphical icons and other visual representation techniques. As a result, this makes it easy for the user to explore through the computer applications.

-	====Disadvantages====	+	==Disadvantages==

	----		----
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	* '''May require graphics displays & pointing device(s)''', for example if the computer does not have a mouse that is separate from the computer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop Drag and drop] operations done on the computer may be more difficult to do without a separate mouse.		* '''May require graphics displays & pointing device(s)''', for example if the computer does not have a mouse that is separate from the computer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop Drag and drop] operations done on the computer may be more difficult to do without a separate mouse.

-	====Importance to CHI====	+	==Importance to CHI==

	----		----

Group4: /* Direct Manipulation */

2009-11-22T02:14:55Z

Direct Manipulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:14, 22 November 2009
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-	== ~~Direct Manipulation~~ ==	+	== Introduction ==

	Direct manipulation is the visual representation of the world of actions. For example, the desktop metaphor ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows Microsoft Windows]) which the user can manipulate. Direct manipulation is one of the primary interaction styles which has been used by designers and programmers for their systems. Direct manipulation allows novice users access to powerful instructions without the trouble of learning how to use a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax] and/or extensive lists of commands. [[Image:DirectMan.gif\|thumb\|Trash can metaphor (click for animation)]]		Direct manipulation is the visual representation of the world of actions. For example, the desktop metaphor ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows Microsoft Windows]) which the user can manipulate. Direct manipulation is one of the primary interaction styles which has been used by designers and programmers for their systems. Direct manipulation allows novice users access to powerful instructions without the trouble of learning how to use a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax] and/or extensive lists of commands. [[Image:DirectMan.gif\|thumb\|Trash can metaphor (click for animation)]]

Group4: /* The Direct Manipulation Method */

2009-11-22T02:14:13Z

The Direct Manipulation Method

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:14, 22 November 2009
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-	==~~The~~ Direct Manipulation ~~Method~~==	+	== Direct Manipulation ==

	Direct manipulation is the visual representation of the world of actions. For example, the desktop metaphor ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows Microsoft Windows]) which the user can manipulate. Direct manipulation is one of the primary interaction styles which has been used by designers and programmers for their systems. Direct manipulation allows novice users access to powerful instructions without the trouble of learning how to use a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax] and/or extensive lists of commands. [[Image:DirectMan.gif\|thumb\|Trash can metaphor (click for animation)]]		Direct manipulation is the visual representation of the world of actions. For example, the desktop metaphor ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows Microsoft Windows]) which the user can manipulate. Direct manipulation is one of the primary interaction styles which has been used by designers and programmers for their systems. Direct manipulation allows novice users access to powerful instructions without the trouble of learning how to use a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax] and/or extensive lists of commands. [[Image:DirectMan.gif\|thumb\|Trash can metaphor (click for animation)]]

Group4: User:Group4 moved to Direct Manipulation: more appropriate

2009-11-22T02:13:13Z

User:Group4 moved to Direct Manipulation: more appropriate

← Older revision

Revision as of 02:13, 22 November 2009

Group4: /* Importance to CHI */

2009-11-21T23:53:59Z

Importance to CHI

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:53, 21 November 2009
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	Direct manipulation depends on visual representation of the objects and actions of interest. In other words, physical actions or pointing instead of complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax]. Operations whose effect on the object of interest is immediately visible. When users can specify what they want with clear and conceivable actions selected from a visual display, then they can more frequently succeed in finishing their task, whilst maintaining a sense of control. Also, this way users can feel directly responsible for their actions and acquire a sense of accomplishment.		Direct manipulation depends on visual representation of the objects and actions of interest. In other words, physical actions or pointing instead of complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntax]. Operations whose effect on the object of interest is immediately visible. When users can specify what they want with clear and conceivable actions selected from a visual display, then they can more frequently succeed in finishing their task, whilst maintaining a sense of control. Also, this way users can feel directly responsible for their actions and acquire a sense of accomplishment.

-	Currently, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces] allowing zooming, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop drag and drop] capabilities, etc., users are exposed to more engaging and more capable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces]. Direct Manipulation is leading designers to interfaces that are more understandable, predictable and manageable.	+	Currently, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces] allowing zooming, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop drag and drop] capabilities, etc., users are exposed to more engaging and more capable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface user interfaces]. Direct Manipulation is leading designers to produce interfaces that are more understandable, predictable and manageable.

	==References==		==References==

Group4: /* Advantages */

2009-11-21T23:52:16Z

Advantages

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:52, 21 November 2009
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	----		----
-	* '''Visually presents task concepts''', for example if the user wanted to discard or delete a file, then he/she simply selects the object a presses the delete key. This action sends the object to the recycling bin to later ~~be removed from the computer's memory~~. This task concept of discarding unwanted material to the recycling bin is visually analogous to how humans throw away trash in a trash can.	+	* '''Visually presents task concepts''', for example if the user wanted to discard or delete a file, then he/she simply selects the object and then presses the delete key. This action sends the object to the recycling bin and can be disposed at a later time. This task concept of discarding unwanted material to the recycling bin is visually analogous to how humans throw away trash in a trash can.

-	* '''Allows easy learning for a first time user'''. Direct manipulation has an easy learning curve, since tasks in the ~~real world~~ are related to tasks ~~done on~~ the ~~computer~~. This direct approach makes the operations done on the computer ~~easy~~ to understand for a new user.	+	* '''Allows easy learning for a first time user'''. Direct manipulation has an easy learning curve, since tasks done on the computer are related to tasks in the real world. This direct approach makes the operations done on the computer easier to understand for a new user.

	* '''Allows easy retention''' since tasks done through direct manipulation are similar to real world tasks. Therefore, it is easy to retain operations learned on the computer. For example, the copy and paste operation done on the computer can easily be retained because it is similar to the action of photocopying a document in the physical world.		* '''Allows easy retention''' since tasks done through direct manipulation are similar to real world tasks. Therefore, it is easy to retain operations learned on the computer. For example, the copy and paste operation done on the computer can easily be retained because it is similar to the action of photocopying a document in the physical world.

Group4: /* History */

2009-11-21T23:45:54Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:45, 21 November 2009
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	----		----

-	'''Direct manipulation''' is considered one of the most significant achievements in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction human computer interaction] (HCI) theory and design. It was first introduced as a concept in the 1980's by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Schneiderman Ben Shneiderman].	+	'''Direct manipulation''' is considered to be one of the most significant achievements in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction human computer interaction] (HCI) theory and design. It was first introduced as a concept in the 1980's by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Schneiderman Ben Shneiderman].

	Shneiderman published a paper in 1983 titled "Direct Manipulation: A step beyond programming languages" in which he noted the appeal of manipulating graphically represented objects instead of formulating complex linguistic commands.		Shneiderman published a paper in 1983 titled "Direct Manipulation: A step beyond programming languages" in which he noted the appeal of manipulating graphically represented objects instead of formulating complex linguistic commands.
Line 29:		Line 29:
	The paper began with two examples of office applications: word processing and spreadsheet. The ability to display the final form on the screen, move a cursor by arrow keys, see the results of an action immediately and to easily reverse commands. Novices would also enjoy using direct manipulation software because they can rapidly master the system with time.		The paper began with two examples of office applications: word processing and spreadsheet. The ability to display the final form on the screen, move a cursor by arrow keys, see the results of an action immediately and to easily reverse commands. Novices would also enjoy using direct manipulation software because they can rapidly master the system with time.

-	Shneiderman mentioned a few other examples, of which, the most promising example was what is now known as the '''desktop ~~metaphor~~'''.	+	Shneiderman mentioned a few other examples, of which, the most promising example was what is now known as the '''desktop''' metaphor.

	He also proposed that testing should be done before introducing direct manipulation systems to ensure proper behaviour of the system, specially if uncommon metaphors are being used.		He also proposed that testing should be done before introducing direct manipulation systems to ensure proper behaviour of the system, specially if uncommon metaphors are being used.

-	Shneiderman mentioned in his paper that direct manipulation isn't without its ~~[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_%28technology%29 fault]s~~. He said that using spatial or graphical representation doesn't necessary improve performance. He identified the following four problems with direct manipulation:	+	Shneiderman mentioned in his paper that direct manipulation isn't without its faults. He said that using spatial or graphical representation doesn't necessary improve performance. He identified the following four problems with direct manipulation:

	* Cluttered presentation, can lead to greater confusion		* Cluttered presentation, can lead to greater confusion

Group4: /* The Direct Manipulation Method */

2009-11-21T23:41:50Z

The Direct Manipulation Method

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:41, 21 November 2009
Line 8:		Line 8:
	* Provide a physically direct way of moving a cursor or manipulating the objects of interest.		* Provide a physically direct way of moving a cursor or manipulating the objects of interest.
	* Present a concrete visual representation of the objects of interest and immediately change the view to reflect operations.		* Present a concrete visual representation of the objects of interest and immediately change the view to reflect operations.
-	* Avoid using a command language and depend on operations applied to the cognitive model which is shown on the display.	+	* Avoid using command language and depend on operations applied to the cognitive model which is shown on the display.

Group4: /* The Direct Manipulation Method */

2009-11-21T23:33:11Z

The Direct Manipulation Method

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:33, 21 November 2009
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	__TOC__		__TOC__
		+
	====History====		====History====